Buraku Stories

Buraku Database Buraku Dictionary Start Here List of Literature related to the buraku issue Start Here Researchers Start Here Additional Information Translations Start Here Links to various organisations and institutions Start Here

Welcome to Project: Buraku Stories Our Goal is to share information and news & to create a database that can be easily accessed All in relation to the buraku issue What is the buraku issue? The burakumin are a socially constructed and discriminated minority in Japan based on ostracised groups during the feudal class system of the Edo Period (1603-1867). Despite the abolishment of the class system, the buraku issue - the discrimination the burakumin face - still exists to this date You want to know more? Start Here Terminology related to the buraku issue Buraku Dictionary Everything you want to know about the buraku issue Buraku-pedia You want to read more? Here is a list of books and articles Buraku Literature Updates 08.11.2023: Created an instagram account/page in Japanese, see here 16.09.2023: Added a separate section on the home menu for the social media accounts (FB, X/Twitter, and Instagram), see below Follow us on our social media accounts for news and content! Also here! Contact Us Name Write a message Submit Thanks for submitting! This is so far an one-man project, so updates and edits might take some time. However, I would be happy for any advice or if you want to point something out in regard to design, grammar or something else. Also, if you think there are topics or content that should be added, please let me know. ​ Thank you very much! Or write us an email! burakustories@gmail.com

Buraku Literature Filter by Title Filter by Year Filter through Categories Article Book English Japanese Filter through Tags APEBD Ainu Buraku Culture Discrimination Dōwa Dōwa Area Dōwa Education Dōwa Laws Dōwa Policies Education History Identity Incidents Internet Korean Language Laws Literature Osaka People Policies Prewar Sayama Incident Social Movements Surveys Tokyo Wartime Women Youth 部落差別の謎を解く 川元祥一 2012 2nd ed. 東京: 株式会社にんげん出版. An Introduction to the Buraku Issue: Questions and Answers Kitaguchi, Suehiro 1999 Osaka: Japan Library. Burakumin - a Japanese marginal group: Japan's hidden people fight to gain equality Samel, Swapna 2009 Proceedings of the Indian History Congress 70:785–94. Educational Demands and Institutional Response: Dōwa Education in Japan Hawkins, John N. 1983 Comparative Education Review 27(2):204–26. Introduction of the System of “Mieruka” in Social Disadvantaged Area: The Case of Community and Livelihood Support in Local City INADA Nanami, WAKAMATSU Tsukasa, HOURAI Rino, and MIZUUCHI Toshio 2008 ABSTRACTS of the Annual Meeting, The Human Geographical Society of Japan 2008(0):406–406. Japan’s Modernization and Discrimination: What Are Buraku and Burakumin? Kobayakawa, Akira 2020 Critical Sociology 47:111–32. Affirmative Action Policies Under the Postwar Japanese Constitution: On the Effects of the Dōwa Special Measures Policy McCormack, Noah 2018 The Asia-Pacific Journal 16(5 Nr4). Buraku Invisibility and Policy Making Yano, Ryo 2019 Journal of Welfare Sociology 16(0):33–53. Conflicting Japanese Interpretations of the Outcaste Problem“(Buraku Mondai)” Ruyle, Eugene E. 1979 American Ethnologist 6(1):55–72. Grass-Roots ‘Multiculturalism’: Korean-Burakumin Interrelations in One Community Bayliss, Jeffrey P. 2001 Asian Cultural Studies 27(March). Japanese Politics of Equality in Transition: The Case of the Burakumin Hah, Chong-do, and Christopher C. Lapp 1978 Asian Survey 18(5):487–504. Japan’s Outcaste Abolition: The Struggle for National Inclusion and the Making of the Modern State McCormack, Noah 2013 Oxon, Abingdon, Milton Park: Routledge.

Links Table of Content Social Movement Organizations Other Organizations Research Institutes Communities Other Social Movement Organizations Buraku Liberation League National Liberal Assimilation Association Buraku Heritage ABDARC Other Organisations International Movement Against All Forms of Discrimination and Racism (IMADR) Research Institutes Kyoto Buraku Issue Research Resource Center Buraku Liberation and Human Rights Research Institute Buraku Issue Research Institute Communities Yata Machizukuri Committee for the Respect of Human Rights Other Liberty Osaka (Osaka Human Rights Museum) Suiheisha History Museum

Buraku Dictionary Filter by Title Select Title Filter by Categories Select Categories Filter through Tags BLL Buraku Buraku Discrimination Burakumin Class System Denunciation Struggle Dōwa Dōwa Area Dōwa Measures Emancipation Edict Family Register Kaihō Kaizen Laws Liberation Ostracized Groups Report Silence Yūwa Note: Many entries are empty and will be completed slowly but surely. Newer entries will be added from time to time while I work on other parts and read more literature Buraku 部落 (被差別部落) buraku (hisabetsu buraku) The term buraku is often used to refer to someone's village. The locations where the outcaste groups lived where referred as tokushu buraku . Nowadays, buraku is simply used and formally hisabetsu buraku . Burakumin 部落民 (被差別部落民) burakumin (hisabetsu burakumin) This term refers to the people living in the buraku or who are descendants from such. However, you can't know unless they tell you. Be careful when using this term. Chinzei Impartial Society 鎮西公明会 Chinzei Kōmeikai Customs Improvements League Association 風俗改善同盟会 Fūzoku Kaizen Dōmei Kai Don't wake up the sleeping children 寝た子を起こすな neta ko o okosuna The idea that if the buraku issue is ignored then it will disappear or will solve itself. Dōwa Area 同和地区 dōwa chiku Under the SML, those were the 'designated areas' that were targeted for the dōwa measures. Due to the exclusion from more than 1000 buraku areas during the SML, dōwa areas do not directly refer to buraku areas. Buraku Liberation League 部落解放同盟 buraku kaihō dōmei Central Association for Reconciliation Projects (財団法人) 中央融和事業協会 Chū’ō Yūwa Jigyō Kai Commoners Safety and Work Association 備作平民会 Bisaku Heiminkai Denunciation Struggle 糾弾闘争 kyūdan tōsō The Denunciation Struggle was a tactic of the Suiheisha to confront the discriminators and demand an apology (or more). This was continued by the Buraku Liberation League. Dōwa 同和 dōwa Often translated as "Assimilation" or "Harmony". The term dōwa is often interchangeably for buraku , thus making the buraku issue the dōwa issue. However, the term is not necessarily a direct reference to the buraku . Eta 穢多 eta Directly translates to "a lot of dirt". The eta were people who one of the groups excluded by the Edo class system. This term is derogatory hence why they should only be used in the historical context.

The concept of impurity (kegare) Kegare (pollution / impurity) is the pollution resulting from negative occurrences including the following: Death of a person or an animal Birth, menstrual periods, pregnancy Catastrophes (Kobayashi 2016:142) By proximity or touching “pollution” (shokue ) and the consequence of becoming such, people believed that kegare is contagious and stayed away from “polluted” people and areas (Kobayashi 2016:142). burakumin and impurity Before the outcaste groups eta , hinin , and other became institutionalized through the class system in the Tokugawa Shogunate (Edo period), there were various other similar instances of marginalized groups through the concept of impurity. All the various cases throughout history that were marginalized and discriminated through the concept of impurity occupied work that related to the afore-mentioned "reasons". In the case of the eta , their close relation to the work of tanners or removing animal corpses from the streets made them "impure". Vice versa, when someone conducted such work without "being part of the eta group", one could be considered as such In contemporary times, the arbitrary pointing in relation to the impurity exists. Many who work in slaughterhouses or in waste disposal are often seen as burakumin although they are not. Bibliography Kobayashi, Kenji. 2016. Sabetsugo - Fukaigo [Discriminatory Terms - Unpleasant Terms]. 1st ed. Tōkyō: Kabushiki kaisha ningen shuppan.

Translations Report of the Deliberative Council for Dōwa Policies (English here ) The Dōwa Laws​​ Special Measures Law for Dōwa Projects (English here ) Special Measures Law for Regional Improvements (English here ) Law on Special Measures under the National Fund for specific projects of Regional Reform (English here )​ The Act for the Promotion of the Elimination of Buraku Discrimination (English here )​​ ​

Greetings My name is Niki and I am the owner and editor of Buraku Stories. I studied Japanese Studies and Chinese Studies in B.A. at the Heidelberg University from 2013 until 2018. During that time, I did an exchange year at the Tokyo Gakugei between 2015 and 2016. After finishing my Bachelors degree, I started my M.A. at the International Christian University and graduated in 2020 with a degree in Social and Cultural Analysis. I returned to Heidelberg in 2021 and started my PhD in Japanese Studies. How did I became interested in the buraku issue? Whilst studying Japanese history and literature in my B.A. I came in touch with the topic briefly. It was not until I went to Japan as an exchange student back in 2015 to 2016 that I became interested in the buraku issue. One of the classes during that year was about Japanese society (more specifically about the minorities in Japan) and when the lecture addressed the burakumin I got hooked immediately. ​ Being a minority myself (German-born Asian) I explained the racism and discrimination I faced simply because I was "different (ethnically, visually, etc.)" than my environment. Then, learning how the burakumin are discriminated against although "not different (ethnically or linguistically)" sparked my curiosity towards the buraku issue ever since. ​ On top of that, I was able to meet burakumin who were open about their background, researchers and professors related to the topic and had tours in buraku areas. The most significant factor for continuing my research on this topic and what kept my curiosity was Christopher Bondy who also was my adviser during my M.A. studies at the International Christian University. Why did I create Buraku Stories? This project started back in 2019, when during my M.A. research, I had the opportunities to talk to various burakumin about the issues they currently face. Coupled with the fact that the buraku issue in Japan is barely talked about and although the literature in English on this topic is increasing, it is still a small amount compared to other topics about Japanese Society, I thought to create something useful that might help the burakumin in one way, thus I made Buraku Stories. ​ The core of Buraku Stories is to make information about the buraku issue more accessible. By providing a database of literature, creating a dictionary of terms related to the topic and most importantly, making the information in English (and other languages) would ease the entry to the topic for those who are interested.

Laws related to the buraku issue Laws The supplementary provisions of all laws are omitted due to space issues. They will be added later and differently Special Measurements Law for Dōwa Projects 1969-1982 Special Measurements Law for Regional Improvements 1982-1987 Law on Special Measures under the National Fund for specific projects of Regional Reform 1987-2002 Act on the Promotion of the Elimination of Buraku Discrimination 2016 Special Measures Law for Dōwa Projects 1969-1982 Article 1 (Goal) In accordance with the principles of the Constitution of Japan, which guarantees the fundamental human rights to all citizens, the purpose of this Law is to clarify the objectives of the measures conducted by the cooperation of State and local governments in areas where historical and social reasons prevented the stabilisation and improvement of living conditions (hereinafter referred to as ‘designated areas'), and to contribute to the cultivation of economic strength, the stabilisation of the living conditions of the residents and the improvement of their welfare, etc. in the designated areas, by taking special measures necessary to achieve these objectives. Article 2 (Dōwa Measures Projects) In this law “Dōwa Measures Projects” means projects realized that are listed under the Sixth Article Article 3 (Responsibility of the citizens) All citizens must understand the main purpose of the Dōwa measures projects, mutually respect basic human rights, and endeavour to cooperate in the smooth implementation of the dōwa measurements projects. Article 4 (Responsibilities of national and local government) The State and local governments shall endeavour to promote the implementation of Dōwa Measure Projects in a prompt and scheduled manner. Article 5 (Goal of the Dōwa Measures Projects) The goal of the Dōwa Measures Projects shall be the elimination of various factors that unfairly hinder the improvement of the social and economic status of the residents of the designated areas by improving their living environment, promoting social welfare, promoting industry, stabilising jobs, improving education, and strengthening human rights protection activities in the designated areas. Article 6 (National Policies) In order to achieve the goal of Article 1, the State shall take the necessary measurements comprehensively through policies with regard to every matter listed in the following ​ Measures to improve the living environment in the designated areas, including the arrangement of areas, improvement of housing conditions, and the development of public and living environment facilities. Measures such as the development of social welfare and public health facilities in order to improve and promote social welfare and public health in the designated areas. Measures to promote agriculture, forestry, and fisheries in the designated areas, including the introduction of facilities for the improvement and development of the production infrastructure of agriculture, forestry, and fisheries and for the modernisation of their management. Measures to promote small and medium-sized enterprises in the designated area, including rationalisation of the management, modernisation of equipment and improvement of technology. Measures to promote employment and job security for the residents of the designated areas, by enhancing vocational guidance and training, and promoting job introductions. Measures to improve school and social education for the residents of the designated areas, including the encouragement to higher education and the development of social education facilities. Measures to strengthen human rights protection activities for residents in the designated areas, such as improving human rights protection institutions, promoting, and uplifting human rights ideas, and promoting human rights counselling activities. Measures in addition to the measurements listed in the preceding paragraphs to achieve the goal set out in the preceding article Article 7 (Special Subsidies) The burden or assistance for the costs of the Dōwa Measures Projects which are borne or subsidised by the State, shall be calculated within the limits of the budget by a ratio of two-third, unless otherwise provided for in a Cabinet Order. ​ (2) In the case of the preceding paragraph, where a legal provision stipulates a proportion of the State's contribution or assistance that is less than two-third, the proportion shall be changed to two-thirds by a Cabinet Order. Article 8 (Policies of local governments) Local authorities shall endeavour to take the necessary measures in accordance with national policies. Article 9 (Municipal Bonds) Expenses required by local governments for the implementation of Dōwa Measures Projects may be financed by municipal bonds, even if such expenses do not fall under any of the items of Article 5(1) of the Local Finance Act (Act No. 109 of 1948). ​ (2) Municipal bonds issued to finance the expenses required by local governments for the implementation of Dōwa Measures Projects shall be fully financed by the State from the funds of the Trust Fund Bureau or from the reserve fund of the special account for postal pensions and postal life insurance, as far as the financial situation permits. Article 10 (Inclusion of principal and interest payments in the standard financial requirement) Expenses required for the redemption of principal and interest on municipal bonds designated by the Minister of Home Affairs to finance the expenses required by local governments for Dōwa Measures Projects shall be included in the amount of standard fiscal demand used in the calculation of the amount of local government grants tax to be granted to the said local governments, pursuant to the provisions of the Local Grants Tax Act (Act No. 211 of 1950). Article 11 (Cooperation with relevant government agencies, etc.) The heads of the administrative bodies concerned, and the heads of the local governments concerned shall cooperate with each other to ensure the smooth implementation of the Dōwa Measures Projects. BACK TO TOP Special Measures Law for Regional Improvements 1982-1987 Article 1 (Goal) In accordance with the principles of the Constitution of Japan, which guarantees the fundamental human rights to all citizens, the purpose of this Law shall is to contribute to the cultivation of economic strength, the stabilisation of the lives of residents and the improvement of welfare in areas where historical and social reasons prevented the stabilisation and improvement of living conditions (hereinafter referred to as "designated areas”) by taking special measures necessary for the smooth implementation of projects specified by Cabinet Order concerning the improvement of the living environment, industrial promotion, job security, education, enhancement of human rights protection activities, promotion of social welfare, etc. (hereinafter referred to as “Regional Improvement Projects”) in the designated areas. Article 2 (Promotion, etc. of Regional Improvement Projects) In order to achieve the goals of the preceding Article, the State and local governments shall cooperate and endeavour to promote Regional Improvement Projects in a prompt and comprehensive manner. ​ (2) In implementing Regional Improvement Projects, the State and local governments shall strive to ensure the unity of the designated and the surrounding area and to operate the projects in a fair manner. ​ (3) Citizens must understand the main purpose of the Regional Improvement Projects, mutually respect basic human rights and endeavour to cooperate in the smooth implementation of the Regional Improvement Projects. Article 3 (Special Subsidies) The burden or assistance for the costs of the Regional Improvement Projects which are borne or subsidised by the State, shall be calculated within the limits of the budget by a ratio of two-third, unless otherwise provided for in a Cabinet Order. ​ (2) In the case of the preceding paragraph, where a legal provision stipulates a proportion of the State's contribution or assistance that is less than two-third, the proportion shall be changed to two-thirds by a Cabinet Order. Article 4 (Municipal Bonds) Expenses required by local governments for the implementation of Regional Improvement Projects may be financed by municipal bonds, even if such expenses do not fall under any of the items of Article 5(1) of the Local Finance Act (Act No. 109 of 1948). ​ (2) Municipal bonds issued to finance the expenses required by local governments for the implementation of Regional Improvement Projects shall be fully financed by the State from the funds of the Trust Fund Bureau or from the reserve fund of the special account for postal pensions and postal life insurance, as far as the financial situation permits. Article 5 (Inclusion of principal and interest payments in the standard financial requirement) Expenses required for the redemption of principal and interest on municipal bonds designated by the Minister of Home Affairs to finance the expenses required by local governments for Dōwa Measures Projects shall be included in the amount of standard fiscal demand used in the calculation of the amount of local government grants tax to be granted to the said local governments, pursuant to the provisions of the Local Grants Tax Act (Act No. 211 of 1950). BACK TO TOP Law on Special Measures under the National Fund for specific projects of Regional Reform 1987-2002 Article 1 (Intention) This Law shall provide for special subsidies and other special financial measures of the State and local governments for the smooth and rapid implementation of specified projects for regional reform undertaken by the State and local governments. Article 2 (Specified Projects for Regional Reform) The term ‘Specified Projects for Regional Reform’ as used in this Law means projects relating to improvement of the living environment, promotion of industry, job security, enhancement of education, strengthening of human rights protection activities, promotion of social welfare, etc., which are deemed particularly necessary to be continued in the designated areas prescribed in Article 1 of the former Special Measures Law for Regional Improvements (hereinafter referred to as Old Regional Reform Law) where such projects were implemented and are specified in a Cabinet Order. ​ 2) The State and local governments shall cooperate to ensure the smooth and prompt implementation of specific projects for local improvement measures. Article 3 (Special Subsidies) The burden or assistance for the costs of the Specified Projects for Regional Reform which are borne or subsidised by the State, shall be calculated within the limits of the budget by a ratio of two-third, unless otherwise provided for in a Cabinet Order. 2) In the case of the preceding paragraph, where a legal provision stipulates a proportion of the State's contribution or assistance that is less than two-third, the proportion shall be changed to two-thirds by a Cabinet Order. Article 4 (Municipal Bonds) Expenses required by local governments for the implementation of Specified Projects for Regional Reform may be financed by municipal bonds, even if such expenses do not fall under any of the items of Article 5(1) of the Local Finance Act (Act No. 109 of 1948). ​ 2) Municipal bonds issued to finance the expenses required by local governments for the implementation of Specified Projects for Regional Reform shall be fully financed by the State from the funds of the Trust Fund Bureau or from the reserve fund of the special account for postal pensions and postal life insurance, as far as the financial situation permits. Article 5 (Inclusion of principal and interest payments in the standard financial requirement) Expenses required for the redemption of principal and interest on municipal bonds designated by the Minister of Home Affairs to finance the expenses required by local governments for Specified Projects for Regional Reform shall be included in the amount of standard fiscal demand used in the calculation of the amount of local government grants tax to be granted to the said local governments, pursuant to the provisions of the Local Grants Tax Act (Act No. 211 of 1950). BACK TO TOP The Act for the Promotion of the Elimination of Buraku Discrimination 2016 (English Translation provided by IMADR) Article 1 (Goal) In the light of the fact that Buraku discrimination still exists even today and that the situation of Buraku discrimination has been changed along with the increased use of information technologies, and given the importance of the challenge to eliminate Buraku discrimination on the basis of the recognition that such discrimination is not acceptable in line with the principles of the Constitution of Japan, which guarantees the enjoyment of fundamental human rights for all citizens, the present Act aims at promoting the elimination of Buraku discrimination, by establishing the basic principle and defining the responsibilities of the State and local governments in relation to the elimination of Buraku discrimination as well as by providing for the consolidation of advisory mechanisms and other measures, thereby realizing a society free from Buraku discrimination. Article 2 (Basic Principle) The measures concerning the elimination of Buraku discrimination shall be taken with a view to realizing a society free from Buraku discrimination, by seeking to improve the understanding of each and every citizen on the need to eliminate Buraku discrimination, in accordance with the principle that all citizens shall be respected as unique individuals who enjoy fundamental human rights on an equal basis. Article 3 (Responsibilities of State and local governments) 1) In accordance with the basic principle set out in the preceding Article, the State shall be responsible for taking measures concerning the elimination of Buraku discrimination as well as for providing necessary information, guidance and advice for the promotion of such measures by local governments. ​ 2) In accordance with the basic principle set out in the preceding Article, local governments shall seek to take measures, consistent with their local conditions, concerning the elimination of Buraku discrimination on the basis of appropriate division of roles with the State and in collaboration with the State and other local governments. Article 4 (Consolidation of advisory mechanisms) 1) The State shall take measures to consolidate mechanisms to respond to requests for advice and support concerning Buraku discrimination in appropriate ways. ​ 2) Local governments shall seek to take measures, consistent with their local conditions, to consolidate mechanisms to respond to requests for advice and support concerning Buraku discrimination in appropriate ways, on the basis of appropriate division of roles with the State. Article 5 (Education and awareness-raising) 1) The State shall conduct necessary education and awareness-raising in order to eliminate Buraku discrimination. 2) Local governments shall seek to conduct necessary education and awareness-raising, consistent with their local conditions, in order to eliminate Buraku discrimination, on the basis of appropriate division of roles with the State. Article 6 (Surveys on the actual situation of Buraku discrimination) With a view to contributing to the implementation of the measures concerning the elimination of Buraku discrimination, the State shall conduct surveys on the actual situation of Buraku discrimination in collaboration with local governments. BACK TO TOP

Researchers Filter through Categories English Japanese Filter by Name Filter through Tags Dōwa Education Dōwa Policies History Human Rights Marriage Discrimination Political Science Sociology Youth Akuzawa, Mariko 阿久澤、麻理子 Books 丹波市人権に関する市民意識調査結果報告書. 丹波市まちづくり部人権啓発センター. 2019.03. 通信制高校の実態と実践例の研究 : 若者の総合的支援の場としての学校のあり方. 2015. アジア太平洋地域の大学院『人権プログラム』の学際的調査・研究. 兵庫県立大学環境人間学部. 2011. フィリピンの人権教育―ポスト冷戦期における国家・市民社会・国際人権レジームの役割と関係性の変化を軸として―. 解放出版社. 2006. 人はなぜ権利を学ぶのか フィリピンの人権教育. 解放出版社. 2002. Articles ジェンダー平等へ教育に何ができるか. 世界 951:222 - 231. 2021.12. Letter to the Editors of the Review of Law and Economics: "On the invention of Identity Politics: The Buraku Outcastes in Japan" by J. Mark Ramseyer. Asia-Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 19(9). 2021.05. Passing a Baton of Dōwa Education to the Next Generation: GTA analysis of the voices of young teachers with Buraku origin. The Bulletin of Kyoto Human Rights Research Institute 25:39-76. 2020.07. 社会的合意を継承する教育・啓発、そして法の必要性. 部落解放 778:29-38. 2019.09. 「インターネットと部落差別―『全国部落調査』事件が提起すること」. 部落解放 746:79-87. 2017.09. Changing Patterns of Discrimination in Japan: Rise of Hate Speech and Exclusivism on the Internet, and the Challenges to Human Rights Education. Taiwan Human Rights Journal 13(4):37-50. 2016.12. more here Amos, Timothy D. Books Caste in Early Modern Japan: Danzaemon and the Edo Outcaste Order. Abingdon; New York: Routledge. 2020. Embodying Difference: The Making of Burakumin in Modern Japan. Honolulu: University of Hawai’i. 2011. Articles ‘Doing Violence to Buraku History: J. Mark Ramseyer’s Dangerous Inventions’. The Asia Pacific Journal: Japan Focus 19(9). 2021 (with Maren Ehlers, Anne McKnight, David Ambaras, and Ian Neary). ‘Contested Liberation: The Japanese Communist Party, Human Rights Groups, and the New Anti-Discrimination Law’. Japan Forum 32(2):220-243. 2020. ‘Pathways to Buraku Liberation: Competing Images of Freedom in Early Postwar Japan'. The Journal of Northeast Asian History 14(2):95-118. 2017. 'The Subaltern Subject and Early Modern Taxonomies: Indianization and Racialization of the Japanese Outcaste'. Asian Studies Review 41(4):577-593. 2017. ‘Fighting the Taboo Cycle: Google Map Protests and Buraku Human Rights Activism in Historical Perspective’. Japanese Studies 35(3):331-354. 2015. more here Bondy, Christopher Books Voice, Silence, and Self: Negotiations of Buraku Identity in Contemporary Japan. Cambridge: Harvard University Asia Center. 2015. Articles ‘New Law or Old Issues: Stakeholder Expectations on the Bill for the Promotion of the Elimination of Buraku Discrimination’. Japan Forum 32(2):244–58. 2020. ‘Centring and Marginalizing: The “Soft Middle” and Japanese Minority Education’. Asia Pacific Journal of Education 34(1):93–106. 2014. more here Kurokawa, Midori 黒川みどり Books 被差別部落認識の歴史―異化と同化の間. 岩波現代文庫. 2021. 差別の日本近現代史. 岩波書店. 2015. 近代部落史―明治から現代まで. 平凡社. 2011. 「水平社伝説」からの解放. かもがわ出版. 2002. 異化と同化の間―被差別部落認識の軌跡―. 青木書店. 1999. Articles 被差別部落の歴史に学ぶ.『同和問題』にとりくむ宗教教団連帯会議『同宗連』118(119):6-7. 2021. 歴史認識を育むために―歴史教育の現実を見つめて―. 同時代史研究 13:29-37. 2020. 部落史から考える日本の近代社会. 歴史評論 801:32-44. 2017. 近代社会における被差別部落. ひょうごの人権教育 185:1-2. 2016. 水平運動と融和運動. 部落解放 577:45-51. 2007. more here Neary, Ian Books Dōwa Policy and Japanese Politics. London; New York: Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. 2022. State and Politics in Japan (second edition). Polity. 2019. The Buraku Issue and Modern Japan: The Career of Matsumoto Jiichirō. 1st ed. Oxon, Abingdon, Milton Park: Routledge. 2010. Human Rights in Japan, South Korea and Taiwan. Routledge. 2002. Political Protest and Social Control in Pre-War Japan: The Origins of Buraku Liberation. Manchester: Manchester University Press. 1989. Articles ‘From the (end of) Dōwa Policies to (the start of) an Anti-discrimination Policy?’. Japan Forum. December 2019. ‘Human Rights in the Discourse of Buraku Liberation: from the 1920s to the 1990s’. Development and Society 39 (2):285-298. 2010. ‘Matsumoto Jiichirō and the making of democracy in postwar Japan’. Japan Forum 19 (2). 2007. ‘Parliamentary Democracy in Japan’. Parliamentary Affairs 57(3):666-681. 2004. 'Japan's Human Security Agenda and its Domestic Human Rights Policies'. Japan Forum 15(2):267-286. 2003. 'Burakumin at the end of history', Social Research 70(1):269-294. 2003. more here Saitō, Naoko 斎藤直子 Books 結婚差別の社会学. 東京: 勁草書房. 2017. Articles 交差性をときほぐすー部落差別と女性差別の交差とその変容過程ー. ソシオロジ 66(1):43-61. 2021. 結婚差別の経験を聞くことをめぐる『困難』.社会と調査 24:11-17. 2020. 部落差別の解消の推進に関する法律の施行と今後の課題. 共生社会研究 12:33-40. 2017. 部落青年と恋愛・結婚—『未婚化社会』における結婚差別. 家族研究年報 41:5-20.2016. 部落青年の結婚問題 全国部落青年の雇用・生活実態調査から. 部落解放研究 198:89-104.2013. more here Uchida, Ryūshi 内田龍史 Books 被差別部落マイノリティのアイデンティティと社会関係. 解放出版社. 2020. 部落問題と向きあう若者たち. 解放出版社. 2014. Articles ロナ禍の差別——差別が生じるメカニズム. 身同 40:73-81. 2022. 宮城県における災害公営住宅供給と被災住民の生活の回復. 社会学年誌 63:25-42. 2022. 部落差別解消推進法第６条に基づく部落差別実態調査の意義と課題. 関西大学人権問題研究室紀要 82:29-48. 2021. インターネット上における部落差別が部落の青年層に与える影響──第五〇回全高・第六二回全青参加者への質問紙調査から. 部落解放研究 211:108-136. 2019. 部落差別の生成と変容——「逆差別」意識に着目して. 社会学年報 48:31-43. 2019. more here