Buraku Social Movement Organizations
Work in Progress
References and Bibliography will be added later
Table of Content
The Kaizen Movement
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wanted to improve (kaizen) from the inside
List of Groups under this movement
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1893: The Youth Virtue Association (Seinen Shintoku Kai)
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1895: Thrift and Savings Association (Kinken Chochiku Kai)
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1898: Customs Improvements League Association (Fūzoku Kaizen Dōmei Kai)
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1902: Commoners Safety and Work Association (Bisaku Heiminkai)
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1903: Great Japan Fraternal Integration Society (Dainippon Dōhō Yūwa Kai)
Yūwa / Dōwa Movement
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also called as Sympathy and Reconciliation Movement ( Dōjō Yūwa Undō)
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Based on the sympathy towards the buraku, the movement to reconcile with the general population with the burakumin under the patronage of the emperor
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Both the kaizen and yūwa groups were arguing that the “blame” of the discrimination an the situation the burakumin are in are theirs to take.
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Differences between kaizen and yūwa
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Prior believed that the buraku discrimination will be solved by improving the education and environment of the buraku people and areas.
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Latter believes that the discrimination will be solved when the attitudes of the general public changes against the buraku people
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List of Groups under this movement
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1912 Great Japan Brotherhood Society (Daiwa Dōshi Kai)
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Chinzei Impartial Society (Chinzei Kōmeikai) in Fukuoka Prefecture
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Fukushima Town People's Unity Association (Fukushima Chōmin Icchi Kyōkai) in Hiroshima Prefecture,
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the Izumo Partisan Society (Izumo Dōshikai) in Shimane Prefecture
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the Okayama Prefecture Partisan Society (Okayama-ken Dōshikai) in Okayama Prefecture
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1914 Imperial Way Society (Teikoku Kōdō Kai)
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afterwards many groups throughout many prefectures were established
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first national sized group
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The Fukui Friendship Society (Fukui-ken Shinwa Kai)
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The Toyama Yūwa Association (Toyama-ken Yūwa Kai)
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The Wakayama Dōwa Association (Wakayama-ken Dōwa Kai)
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Okayama Prefecture Harmony Society (Okayama-ken Kyōwakai)
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The Tottori Prefecture Wholeheartedness Society (Tottori-ken Isshin Kai)
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The Torine Prefecture Harmony and Respect Association (Torine-ken Wakei Kai)
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The Hiroshima Prefecture Sympathy Society (Hiroshima-ken Kyōmei Kai)
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The Yamaguchi Wholeheartedness Society (Yamaguchi-ken Isshin Kai)
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The Tokushima Prefecture Yūwa Groups Association (Tokushima-ken Yūwa Dantai Rengo Kai)
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The Ehime Good Neighbour Society (Ehime-ken Zenrin Kai)
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1919 Kōchi Prefecture Way Society Association (Kōchi-ken Kōdō Kai)
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Fukuoka Prefecture Friendship Society (Fukuoka-ken Shinzen Kai)
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Oita Prefecture Friendship Society (Oita-ken Shinwa Kai)
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1921 the Mutual Love Association (Dōaikai)
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1925 Central Association for Reconciliation Projects (Chū’ō Yūwa Jigyō Kai)
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Buraku Improvement Groups in all regions were unified under this group
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Became the governmental body of the yūwa movement
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Provided subsidies for yūwa groups and buraku improvement projects in every prefecture
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Raised awareness within the general population and involved the imperial family
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1941: changed to Dōwa Service Society (Dōwa Hōkō Kai)
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Name changed from yūwa to dōwa
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Yūwa Projects to Dōwa Projects, etc.
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During the war, the group wasn’t active and published only few books
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Dissolved in 1946, March
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1960 All Japan Assimilation Association (Zen Nihon Dōwa Kai)
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was formed with dōwa area residents at its core, with the aim of creating a nationwide movement
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1986 National Liberal Assimilation Association (Zenkoku Jiyū Dōwa Kai)
Kaihō Movement
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Burakumin disapproving the yūwa/ dōwa movement.
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Instead of relying on the government or around on their support and help, they want to fight with their own strength
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The Suiheisha Declaration became the principle of the buraku liberation movement
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They used the term eta which was considered as a derogatory term as a word to be proud of
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Did Discrimination Denunciation
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List of Groups under this movement
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1920: Swallow Association (Tsubame Kai)
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1922-1941: National Levelers' Society (Zenkoku Suiheisha)
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dissolved in 1943
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1946-1955 National Committee for Buraku Liberation (NCBL, Buraku Kaihō Zenkoku Iinkai)
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1955: Buraku Liberation League (BLL, Buraku Kaihō Dōmei)
Zenkairen
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Formerly the group that advocated for a broader class struggle in order to solve buraku issue
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1976 National United Buraku Liberation Movement Association (Zenkairen, Zenkoku Buraku Kaihō Undō Rengō Kai)